Development of Realism

 In Europe, Realism in the 19th century, 30 years, its appearance is the backwash of Romanticism, but not the complete denial of romanticism. It was originally mounted under the banner of the name of romantic literature, many writers are realistic shift from the romantic realism, until the 19th century, the early 50s, a conscious genre. Stendhal, Balzac, etc. It was only a model of recovery that the writers of realism. In Europe and America within the overall development of realism can be divided into two periods. 19th century 30's to early 60's as its center in France, Britain and other countries; 70's to the late 20th century as its center in Russia, Scandinavia and the United States.

France is the birthplace of European Realism. 30-40 years of French Realism to describe feudal aristocracy and the emerging contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the bourgeoisie, the main contradictions in the show is highly critical of reality and revealing, but also reveals the attachment of the feudal era feelings. Stendhal and Balzac is the founder of French realism. 1823-1825, Stendhal been published collection of literary criticism, In 1830, his novel Balzac's General Speer Merimee (1907-1870) was a man of romanticism and realism of character writer, he wrote poetry, plays and historical novels, short stories, but mainly in the winning position in the history of literature. He likes to write exotic theme, create simple but sincere Puma fierce rough figures, the performance of the theme of anti-modern moral civilization. His narrative of the novel contains the solemn passion. Of the more famous works include Among them, the masterpiece Her honest and uninhibited contempt of any legal and moral standards, showing the absolute pursuit of individual freedom. Novel heroine of From the 50's, the French emphasis on the scientific spirit of realism, showing the solemn style of the objective, early spirit of realism, social criticism has been weakened. The writing style of the advocate and representative is Flaubert, he is the late 19th century France, an important representative of realism. Dumas (1824-1895) Sri Lanka Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897) was a late 19th century France, with the natural tendencies of the realistic novelist. His compassionate, good and faithful description of physical phenomena in the inner world of characters in his works, truth and fantasy, mercilessly revealing and poetic,Discount UGG boots, serious and humorous, satire and sympathy and other factors often combine in harmony. hidden subtle satire and criticism of the feelings of the characters in fine detail. Daudet's short stories enjoy a high reputation. Franco-Prussian War to describe the main collection of short stories, patriotic emotion, plot twists and turns tactful, full of implied, with touching the artistic charm.

19 of the Paris Commune, the late century literature, realism is a literary novel, also called proletarian literature. It is a true reflection of the proletariat and the masses of working people struggle to live, the performance of the proletariat as the revolutionary ideals of passion. At that time the struggle for daily needs, it is often used in the form of popular and lively to the working people in their own language, the performance of real life material, seems simple lively, contagious, loved by the masses. Literature, including members of the Paris Commune Commune Commune some 20 years after the birth of written activities on the commune revolutionary poetry, novels, plays, essays, memoirs and historical works, of which the number of poems and achievements up to the maximum. Paris literary creative team is a people, the most representative are 欧仁鲍狄埃 (1816-1887), Louise Michel (1830-1905), 茹尔瓦莱斯 (1832 -1885), so that *. Baptiste Clement (1836-1903).

Baodi Ai is the representative of the Paris Commune of literature. In the course of revolutionary struggle, the Paris Commune, Bao Diai rushed into battle, was elected member. Commune was suppressed, he created the immortal battle of the proletariat song the struggle for freedom and liberation. Besides the poem neatly temperament, tone loud spirited, energetic style, bold, such as tight drums urging, Chen Ming-like horn, well expressed the passion of the fighting proletariat.

Louise Michel is a commune of the famous poet and social activist, the Known as symbol of the poem to pink and the prospect of revolutionary ideals, but also a symbol of revolutionary struggle against a stubborn will, show fresh clear but loud sonorous style.茹尔瓦莱斯 leadership is an important member of the commune. He has edited the Autobiographical Novel Trilogy Novel depicts the character from 1862 to 1871 the struggle between life and truly show the whole process of revolutionary struggle of the Paris Commune, in particular the

novel is the crystallization of the experience of a lifetime, setting his love and hate and passion, with strong artistic appeal. Let *. Baptiste Clement was elected as member of the Paris Commune, to write poetry mainly important works are . His famous lyric Clemens also made a revolutionary propaganda literature should reflect the people the means and tools required by the theoretical proposition.

Paris literary world proletarian literature of the 20th century laid the foundation for the development.

UK is Europe's fastest growing capitalist development, the first state, and therefore, the United Kingdom more realistic literature expresses the labor conflicts and the concentration. Realism in the 30's British production, to 40,50 years to achieve prosperity, in this phase, resulting in Marx praised the special, Mrs. Gaskell. Dickens is the UK's outstanding representative of realistic literature, his work describes the first half of the 19th century, the broad picture of British society, was a famous novelist with a wide range of readers. Wei Lianmei Fix Clay Pigeon (1811-1863) was a satirist, he is the author's admonition that an important moral duty. He was good at describing society, upper class hypocrisy among people but the relationship between elegance. His works are true to life, delicate emotional state characterization, and vivid humorous narrative, description, dialogue, and comments to attract readers, the plot rich and vivid. His masterpiece Amelia. Description of the novel is focused on unscrupulous adventuress Becky Sharp's image. Her cold,UGGs, selfish, the use of all the people climb to meet the moral standards of high society, to achieve ends justify means, is full of careerist. Novel written by the character of the capitalist society is a cruel selfish money, those in power, intrigues, and law of the jungle Vanity Fair, wrote the elegant upper class gentlemen who seemingly hypocritical, despicable spirit world. The subtitle of the novel Proposed the novel a narrative, style, humor and subtle language. Bronte sisters novels in English literature was compelling.

Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) of 爱米莉勃朗特 (1818-1848) Mrs Gaskell was a contemporary writer with the Bronte sisters, and her masterpiece, It reflects the UK from the side of the charter movement. The book describes the economic depression of the conflict of workers and capitalists, workers, the misfortune of sympathy, but with a Christian solution to the conflict between the employers, both in their mutual forgiveness after repentance, mutual understanding and cooperation again.

19 century, 70's, the British gradually enter the stage of monopoly capitalism. Realism in the British post-writers representative of Hardy, Shaw, Galsworthy, after which the two writers are mainly 20th century writer. Hardy's works reflect the intrusion of capitalism in rural areas were the rule of law and mind after the fate of ordinary people, fatalism and pessimism flatted.

19 century British literature also appeared on the Charter of compelling poetry, it is the early European proletarian literature, but also a new literary realism. Chartist poetry is 30-40 years during the British Chartist rising emergence of a mass literary phenomenon. Workers in the form of poems and songs,UGG shoes, with their struggle against the bourgeoisie, these works reflect the real lives of workers and emotion, in the form, fast-paced, high style, language, pop. Chartist poetry is represented by Ernest Jones (1819-1869), William Linton (1812-1897), Gerald Massey (1828-1907). Jones's call to action of the famous poem. Charter poetry inspired the workers to fight not only promoted the development of the labor movement, but also for the later development of proletarian literature contributed.

Germany is the later development of capitalism in Western Europe countries. Early German literary realism to critique the feudal autocratic monarchy and relive mainly, but also freedom of criticism during the social ills of capitalism. After the Franco-Prussian War, Germany achieved unification, the rapid development of capitalism, realism was able to prosper. Heine is a German main representative of realistic literature, his works from the standpoint of democracy, biting satire and criticism in Germany to the decadent feudal despotism. Georg Büchner (1813-1837) was a German literary realism, an important early writer, his creative drama-based, representative of struggle between the background of writing against the Jacobin Dandong, with the radical democratic dictatorship of the bourgeois revolution in methods. The play is full of deep pessimism, the hero of Dandong on the abnormal mental state of unrest in fine detail. Büchner is considered the 20th century, the pioneer of expressionism.

Georg Gewei Stewart (1822-1856), a German labor movement emerged in the workers poet. He was deeply thinking of Marx and Engels. His poetry full of suffering and misery of the proletariat's deep sympathy, to convey the voice of working people, and called on them to fight together and look forward to a bright future. Folk style of his poetry, humor, satire, exaggeration and other practices used interchangeably, easy to understand. Wirth was Engels called 〖ZW () Engels: ZW〗〗 〖Gottfried Keller (1819-1890) is a Swiss German writer. Novel It describes the hero in green has gone through many twists and turns in Henry returned to the Old City, combined with the people, by the people's respect. Novel reflects a broad social life, with strong local flavor. Keller's achievements are also prominent in the creation of short stories, known as

Scandinavian Realism is developed under the influence of Western Europe, which was formed in 40,50 years. Denmark 汉斯克利斯蒂 Andersen (1805-1875) is the world famous fairy tale writer. He was born in cobbler family, childhood suffered the bitterness of earth, which he later became a valuable asset creation. His fairy tales based on reality, not only to stroke warm praise sincere working people, compassion, unfortunately the poor, and angry lashing brutal, greedy, stupid rulers and exploiters, the dark social critique reflects the realism and democracy spirit. . Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales to imagine the rich and beautiful, vivid language, natural and fluent. The late 19th century, the famous Danish literary critic there, and literary historian Georg Gebo blue against Sri Lanka (1842-1877), he advocated creating realistic approach advocated in the literature come from real life, and study real life. His famous His theory promoted the development of realistic literature in Europe. Norway, Scandinavian Realism Ibsen is the most important writers of his Rattan 马丁纽斯比昂 Beyonce Song (1832-1910) is Norway's playwright, novelist and poet, the main achievement in drama. They are brush strokes and sharp criticism of the bourgeois realism hypocrisy and selfishness. Bjørnson in the theater made outstanding achievements, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1903.

the formation of the Russian realistic literature in the 19th century, 30 years, 50,60 years continuous development, 70 to 80 years to reach its peak phase, the gradual decline of the early 20th century. Russia lags far behind the development of capitalism in Western Europe, half of the 19th century, when Western Europe has been consolidated and developed capitalism, the Russians still in the Tsarist autocracy under the rule of feudal serfdom, capitalism is still in its infancy. In this social context, literary realism have always been Russia and flourished in close contact with the Russian People's Liberation Movement, the Russian realistic literature directed at the critical edge and its remnants of feudal serfdom, and to demonstrate the political overthrow of the feudal system requirements Until the late critique of capitalism was gradually strengthened. Therefore, Russia has a strong literary realism, revolutionary, fighting and democratic tendencies. In addition, the formation and development of Russian realism, literary criticism and has always been the strong support of aesthetic theory, literary theory and literature reflect each other, complement each other. Pushkin is the founder of Russian realism, his Mikhail Lermontov Eryou el Abramovich (1814-1841) for the development of Russian literary realism has made important contributions. Free praise his poetry, sing country, condemned the tyranny of serfdom, the expression of the progressive revolutionary ideas of democratic aristocracy. Written in memory of Pushkin's Novel Constituted by five medium-length novel, the hero Biqiao Lin fused main line of activities. Bi Qiaolin both aristocratic vices, without yielding to a critical view of the surrounding environment and their own; he wanted a meaningful life, and can not find the goal of life, filled with conflict and pain. He is second in the history of Russian literature Novel depicts the negative picture of Russian society at that time, the performance of the anti-serf system of thought, expression of the contemporary society and of the fate of his generation's views. This is a social content and psychological content in the description are all very good realistic novel, which opened a precedent for the Russian novel of psychological description. 40 years, inherited and developed Gogol, Pushkin and Lermontov create a realistic tradition of Russian literature in the history of the formation of a Rodrigo el Albion 维萨里昂格 literary critic Belinsky (1811-1848) in Gogol is attacked, to stand up to short story expounding and defending the tradition of Gogol's realism. Belinsky that Gogol's and originality. After Belinsky demonstration, created by the Pushkin Russian literary tradition of realism was able to establish, after the progress of the Russian writers writing down this tradition, which ushered in the era of brilliant literary realism.

50,60 Realism of Russia's strides forward, there has been a large number of accomplished writers. Gangcha Alexander Petrovich Pavlov (1812-1819) is an important realist writers, his novels reflect the changes in Russian society. His masterpiece 奥勃洛摩夫 is a well-educated, young aristocrat clever mind, but his indecision, good fantasy and lazy by nature, no real activities. He was always in bed all day sleeping or sofa, or even dream also sleep, sleep is also the last to die. The figures shown him lazy, indecisive, good fantasy feature, called This image sums up the 19th century Russian society, stagnation, backwardness and decay, that aristocracy of intellectuals in Russia after 50 years has lost the progressive, indicating the Russian literature in the Turgenev's novel writing in the 60's is not the typical Turgenev is a Russian best realist.

尼古拉加夫里洛 Popovich Chernyshevsky (1828-1889) is a revolutionary democrat, literary critic and writer. His novel The novel is shaped Lage U.S. Rostov and other They advocate a rational, moral, strong faith, determination and indomitable, with dedication. They resist the feudal serf system, abandon the moral values of the aristocracy, and the people it needs. The most prominent of them is a US-Lage Rostov. On the pretext of Political commentary with a strong color of the novel, the Russian liberation movement at that time the younger generation in particular had a significant impact. Chernyshevsky also wrote the In this regard, Dobrolyubov contribution is excellent, his famous thesis of when the arrival of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov these militant, ideological and sharp aesthetics and literary papers, maintain the Pushkin, Gogol and Belinsky realist tradition pioneered and promoted the Russian Realism flourish. Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky (1823-1886) is a Russian dramatist, he was known as the His famous drama She loves freedom, brave fight for the rights of life, personality, and the dark feudal patriarchal society, the formation of a sharp moral conflict, her tragedy is the 尼古拉阿列克塞 Ye Weiqi Nekrasov (1821-1878) is the mid-19th century Russian revolutionary democrats poet, poem, form a true reflection of serfdom in Russia after the reform of rural poverty and backwardness, exposing the deceptive Servant System Reform, called on people to rise to fight for the future well-being. Poem draws a lot of folk expression.

70,80 years, the Russian Realism reached its peak. Tuo Dostoevsky completed during this period, He is a Russian literary realism, an important representative. Saer Di Cove *. Shchedrin (1862-1889) was a famous late 19th century Russian satirist, his novel of His masterpiece, Novel successful in shaping the treacherous, vicious, hypocritical, greedy landlords and the Jewish Ziska image. Leo Tolstoy, in view of the world has worsened during this period, the nobility and the Russian criticism of the whole society greatly deepened. His representative work, Tolstoy, the Russian literary realism into its peak. Chekhov in the 80's boarded the literary world in his short stories and dramas made significant achievements.

Realism U.S. 80 in the 19th century was truly formed, it and the United States late on the development of capitalism. After the Civil War, the rapid development of American capitalism, the inherent contradictions of capitalism have been very prominent. American Literary Realism is often critical of departure from the democratic ideals of the evils of capitalism, reflecting the unfortunate experience of working people, the pursuit of the ideals of freedom and equality,cheap UGG boots, and democracy has a strong affinity to the people. 50's abolitionist literature in the United States, has contained the realism factor. Abolitionist literature in opposition to slavery in the South, black misery and reflect the main content. Richard Heald Andres (1807-1896) of the literary representatives. Novel to the U.S. abolitionist movement to a climax. The late 60s, appeared in the U.S. western frontier user-friendly Bret Hart's Mark Twain is the United States (some people think he is a British writer) realistic literature the most outstanding writers, he learned some of the performance of Native Novel approach for the United States national literature has made a significant contribution to the prosperity, known as the Lincoln. Henry James (1843-1916) was an important American realist writer, opened his novel of psychological analysis of the history of American literature precedent and opened up a novel new ways of artistic expression. Frank Norris (1870-1902) of the Stephen Crane (1871-1900) of the novella Klein's another novel O. Henry is a famous American short story writer. He was good through the description of In art, his novels often Representative works include

Jack London (1876-1916) was an important late 19th century American realist. He was born lower classes, the taste of childhood experiences of poverty, later became a writer through personal struggle. His fictional people struggling at the bottom, and praise the brave harsh living environment, determination, positive spirit, the darkness of the community made a profound revelations. He is a good characterization of character, often the performance of the theme action figures. The novel also reveals the Nietzsche's

Novel Martin Eden, written from an impoverished background through hard work, and finally became a famous writer, but was disillusioned after fame, and finally committed suicide. Martin's tragedy shows that false worship of money in a social environment, the pursuit of integrity, good faith process is the process of disillusionment. Thus, wrote the novel the hypocrisy of bourgeois morality. Martin's Fictional compact and ups and downs, with the theme of the performance closely.