Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the truth of the embassy siege

 Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the siege of the embassy of the truth
text @ Golden Moon House
900 on June 20, was killed in the German minister Ke Linde, Beijing's national ministers are caught in a panic, they are more determined that the clear Argentina will be on them premeditated murder, then immediately canceled the withdrawal of the embassy and plans to stick to the embassy district in Beijing to be assistance, waiting off the national armed forces in Tianjin.
the embassy from the other major British and French far, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, followed by three embassy diplomats left their embassy, is also more spacious and better defense to the British Embassy. At that time the British embassy in the embassy district is the largest, most house, the yard has a large garden , there are five wells and two salt water wells. With the situation deteriorating, the foreigners in Beijing (nearly 900) have also fled into the British Embassy, there are many missionaries to teach in China with some of their refuge in the embassy district to the public.
the British Embassy had lived only 60 individuals, these people come to the embassy after the completely different, and even the stables are full of people. However, the asylum-seekers have brought their personal items, including 150 horses and mules, a small flock, as well as a cow. In addition, the British Embassy also hoarding a lot of food, 200 tons of flour and rice, boxes of wine, when necessary, can also be slaughtered horses and mules.
on June 20 that day, the Qing government issued Edict, said: ask a dilemma. Jingu foreign soldiers together of David, and foreign blood in sacrifice side has become, will become how to clean up, very difficult to foresee. Overall Chouhua the election will, training, and raise rates three-side, how conservative territory, not to outsiders succeed Chi; how aid to the capital, not to the court confined critical situation. times urgent matter to look forward to! protection of the embassy in the dark, in fact it is a completely misleading. when people Li Xisheng in the it, killing them Yujin envoys. gun emplacement sound day and night without a break, roof tiles from the Tang, the city are crying, to help the Boxers, Wu step Phi hair, while the number rose by tens of thousands of houses, hit moving heaven and earth > can be seen from this passage, when the Boxers who did not personally attack the front line, despite their large number, determined to Shazei, but only Boxers are from Beijing to the embassy into the final siege, but a very few sporadic activities of the Boxers, the Boxer has all along been isolated outside of the front, and not to direct, large-scale offensive over the embassy district, is also far from the real threat posed to the embassy.
Logically, Boxer does not want to burn or attack the embassy area, but they can not. The reason is simple, as early as June 16, when WU Wei Rong Lu's forces will be ordered to guard the embassy, Boxer can not simply close the embassy district. similar to the proof of many, for example, the British Minister in the report of sinus MacDonald, Putnam. Will book surrounded in mind, .
Qing offensive began, the first encounter in the main plan of attack is outside the Belgian Embassy and the Embassy of Austria Embassy, as the two embassy personnel have to retreat to the British Embassy, the Guard soldiers left behind almost no The resistance will be withdrawn. That evening, both the embassy was destroyed by fire.
embassy guards followed to give the Dutch Embassy and the Italian Embassy, because the Dutch Embassy in the embassy area, and the Italian Embassy in the Embassy District, the prominent defense position, force is weak, difficult to defend, so Qing an attack, the embassy guards will give up. Later, the Italian Minister Sa Wage is also extremely angry, said it was a out, the embassy was burned quickly.
6 21, the Qing court official issued Good, said: missionary, the court in its exhort people to the good, the request of Mian Yun. I am also the beginning of the range, Ju three decades, relies on our generosity, one intended to pat through, Stanford owl is Zhang Yi, bullying my country, invading my land, ravaged my people , blackmail my property. the court a little to accommodate, they held their Xiongheng, day upon day, nothing is to small then the oppression of civilians, a large sacred is insolent. of pure, hatred anger pent-up emotion, and everyone for enriching the willing. The volunteer fire churches, the origin of the massacre of Christians also.
court is still open blood in sacrifice, such as the former protector of the people of ears I fear hurt. Therefore, application cut-off time and again made a decree, to defend the embassy, plus shirts Christians. So there the day before to teach Boxers Min Jie I am pure of the encyclical, the original interpretation of places to teach the people suspected of serving the court much flexibility people, Zhiyi do carry on. that it is their ungrateful, anti-blackmail Stanford, openly have Dushi Li Fu note yesterday, so I quit Dagu Fort , in the final he care, or to force Xiqu. crisis threatened the word drink, which means its rampant in Stanford, vibration Jifu. weekday cross the road neighbor, I rude Consists bad idea, he claims to educate the country is rampant rudeness, indefinitely on Bing Jian control benefits, self-created break this peace? I Linyu to three decades, until people such as children and grandchildren, people also wear I like the Emperor of Heaven. situation Chi St. ZTE universe, End of the quilt, jia marrow perish muscle, ancestors to go by, God only a sense of cells, all Zhong anger on behalf of the non-Kuang.
I told before this tears the Temple, to swear generous mentoring, rather than struggling for existence, a disgraceful tongue, Shuruo large sheet of a punitive expedition, one male and female. several days minister summoned the size of the work, exercise seeking the same unanimous. Kinki and Shandong provinces, meaning soldiers who set the same day the unexpected, no less than hundreds of thousands. The boy five feet, also executive arms to guard boat. He still pretends to seek, and I rely justice, he defended by force, I rely people. regardless of armor of faithfulness, propriety dry oars, everyone Gansi, that is, the wide of more than twenty provinces, more than four hundred trillion people, how hard to rage and ferocity Jian He, Wei Zhang of! that they have against the common enemy, trap array assault, or the generous attempts donor, benefit rates term, the court Mao at exceptional rewards, reward loyalty hoon. Gou outside their own generation, cold feet, willing from the inverse, actually be a traitor, instantly strict punish, never without wide loans. Chen Shu Whirlpool days, the serious matters of the heart loyalty of people to vent the anger of God, I have high expectations of Yan. Dagu Fort forced to ask for a declaration of war on the grounds, does not know at this time Dagu Fort back in June 17 already fall, but was concealed Zhili Governor Yu-lu just not reported. In other words, the coalition forces in the June 17 captured the Taku forts on the behavior, in fact, the sense of the truth constitute a declaration of war, and the Qing court in June 21 so-called does not indicate the specific object declaration of war, but rather uses a code name with contempt, State announced the official fight; as evidence to the contrary, when the Qing court and the Sino Japanese war on each other, which can rule out the possibility of imperial international practice do not understand.
Third, the imperial edict main purpose of this is to the people explain why the court should make such a decision and called for a common defense against an enemy, which seems not declare war, but like a domestic war mobilization order. This is very puzzling to.
a result, that the Qing eleven countries in the Boxer war years is untenable in law.
edict issued in 21, the Qing court is an important step to Boxer called To the people claiming the group compiled by Duan, Zhuang Wang and fortitude Command. On the surface, this seems the Qing dynasty , but in fact this really the case?
as a simple fact, after the Boxer was not completely pacify surrendered to the Qing court sects, they still maintained their independence and non-organizational characteristics, that the Qing court tried to Boxers rely on to defend the regime's point of view plausible, but that is wishful thinking. In fact, even if the protection offered by the Qing court in the open, after the Boxer, which does not mean that the ability of the Boxer to be trusted. Of course, While the right to fortitude and Zai Yi, who is an exception, they praise the Boxer as a deceived to believe that the Boxer, but Zai Yi, who has no shortage of foreigners expelled by Boxer and to create chaos in order to take advantage of seizing the throne of selfishness. For example, in the June 25 morning, and carrier hoon) and Lim Baylor set containing Ying, led by volunteer more than sixty people, who dare to break into large, the search took Christians hh loud uproar, clouds, etc. I am quite willing to see the emperor, because there are critical things such as language. Introduction Bi uttered rude, dare to curse the (Emperor) to the second Westerner. At this time of the Qing court pacify Boxers looks more like a stopgap measure, aimed at comfort and to prevent the Boxer uprising, and its foreign war to the Boxers is a outlet for anger, but also in the control of the situation in maintenance of the status of imperial legitimacy. In other words, in the Boxer has poured into the city of Beijing and the situation out of control, the Qing court must conform to the Boxer, play a hasty extermination Boxers, I am afraid we can not wait until the Qing foreign intervention has been overrun by the hands of the Boxers. only to understand that this can understand the Qing court, The so-called that to the powers that February to June, the spread has been all over the capital, the public no less than the hundreds of thousands, from soldiers, citizens and even kings mansion, will be everywhere, simultaneous with the foreign religion as the enemy, antagonistic. destroy it, then immediately from Zhouye disaster, loss of life. only can be used and thus, Xu plans to save. Zoucheng to believe witchcraft to defend the country, not understanding the difficulties the court of last resort and carry on West to escape the magistrate Wu Yongnian (Tseng's grandson), his the ectopic, chaos, eyeful looked all children with head wrapped in red cloth, into the entry, exit out, who is also considered uncertain bandits, who are not bandits, some are not sophisticated, So do not dare light that destroy. that will get burned.
Chang Temple in the Qing Yuan Chang has Zoucheng: Jin Yu foreign soldiers, less the two have the ask all groups received. There is not ask who were sent to attack throughout the Front, a rare retreat, meet with artillery, one gun laid to rest, heaven carry on. real half-exposed half-Fu Suppression of the law Later, Zai Yi Chang, is precisely the combination of theory and practice, the intention is just the surface, foreigners in the army, a little slow the speed of its march to Beijing; Moreover, the hands of foreigners can be eliminated by the Boxers, or simply implement Qing battle extermination. Empress Dowager Cixi this can be put down less than the potential, in order to clear blood in sacrifice not self open. The war in the province, if any, should make the Boxers as a precursor, I do not have to Ming Zhang banner, party was organized in the machine should be no stifling. > As a result, the siege of the embassy to look back not so complex. It is clear that the foreign minister for the Qing court is absolutely no harm was intended, they repeatedly asked the minister to leave Beijing for Tianjin their intention, but want to get out of control in to minimize the pressure on their own or trying to get rid of this burden, and certainly not a minister believe that the not understand the.
If you do a bold speculation, ministers have assumed late in June to accept the proposal of the Qing court and embassy guards and under the protection of the Qing left Beijing to Tianjin, then in the disaster may Boxer will be much smaller. Of course, at the time of the Boxer uprisings of the situation, the Ministers suspect that even the motivation of the Qing's protection is not without reason --- the history of this is constituted by a lot of chance.
in understanding After this basic premise, the siege of the embassy will become better understood. siege of the embassy was attended mainly Dongfu Xiang Rong Lu Gan Army and the Army under the direct command of the WU Wei, plus a small amount of the Ching army commanded by Prince Yi Lai. In the course of the attack, Rong Lu, and Yi-Kuang are very cunning, they surely can understand the care and thought the Empress Dowager Cixi, and will be well aware of attacks on diplomats to bring great harm in the future. As Dongfu Xiang Gan Army They hate the foreigners are from the heart, but their weaponry is relatively backward, as a joke at the time, said Li was informed that the embassy attack was Dongfu Xiang Gan army troops, he laughed and told the stranger: Embassy unharmed! , intermittent embassy siege, not a continuous process. WU Yong-in because too ruthless bully foreigners, but also inevitably feel angry. Although it is not blocked, but they always tell them the total is not intended to do mischief. anger over, I will turn your head, keep the room everywhere. If I really intended to make trouble for them, do not hit a down Embassy truth? Queen Mother can not control the Boxer, but Zai Yi, Dong Fuxiang they generally still able to control. In fact, the Empress Dowager Cixi are also very sinister, she is the siege of the embassy after the buck to the Zaiyi other person, not knowing She is the final decision-maker.
Some people may ask, since do not want to hurt the Minister, the Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the siege of the embassy we still need? This may have two factors, the first Boxer in Zhaogao righteousness China after the Boxer when anti-foreign sentiment, the Qing court must be said that the embassy siege to the symbolism of good --- its going to Boxer siege of the embassy so completely full, pour as well let the control of the Qing to complete the show. Of course, this performance can not be played too fake.
Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the siege of the embassy's another reason, perhaps, is to give ministers who create a certain pressure, similar to the usually said, Xia Li and others arrested for the hijack and force it to accept the British and French armistice (although this proved to be less successful).
Mr. Lin Huaguo in the son in the attack on the embassy, it is like Gujichongyan. Empress Dowager concession aimed at the foreigners want to become hostages in their hands. Qing government's policy is: on the one hand to capture the British Embassy Su palace into a defense, increase of the psychological pressure of foreign envoys.
view, the Qing government's purpose was not really to position, as a sum to foreign aid. That being the case, must both attack the characteristics of both: on the one hand, in order to form a larger threat to foreign diplomats, the offensive must have a certain ferocity; another , in order to avoid embassy staff (particularly diplomats) to cause significant casualties, to conferences and create new obstacles, it must leave room for the offensive and not be destructive. grams around the embassy and not the truth is not self evident. Otherwise, the embassy is not extreme lack of heavy weapons to the 500 Battalion of the Imperial Guard, how can we resist the attack? the words with the Empress Dowager Cixi, if so considerate to attack In the later related).
course, even the stray bullets, but also the staff of the embassy district caused great casualties, but foreigners are mainly accumulated in the British Embassy has not been too many attacks, the embassy safe and sound in most of the key personnel , in addition to the Nobel timid Dutch minister, who during the siege of the embassy has been hiding in the cellar of the British Embassy refused to come out, but the day of the embassy siege, he look out of the cellar if the coalition forces arrived , was a stray bullet hit his leg --- the hide is also squarely in the sights, the only Nobel Prize that year also became the Minister of injury.
embassy siege lasted 40 days, but the real attack only 20 days (June 20-July 13, August 11 to 14), mostly to ease the situation in the middle of the main. In the very beginning, very intense fighting outside the embassy first line of defense time is broken, the danger emerging. to July 13, when captured Su Qing Palace and law have been close to achieving the intent of the embassy, according to the British Minister sinus MacDonald estimated that, if the Qing forces continue to attack, then no later than July 20 can be fully occupied by these two places. But after the July 14, the Qing army offensive suddenly reduced, suspended after 16 is basically an attack.
Qing cause of this change led to nothing less than the two reason, first, the purpose of forcing ministers who have reached the second is the war situation deteriorated sharply in Tianjin. almost simultaneously with the siege of the embassy is the Qing Tianjin has also been attacking black bamboo forest concessions, but on July 13 in the future, as additional coalition counterattack on the morning of the 14th Tianjin and Tianjin city break. Empress Dowager Cixi aware of foreigners is difficult to resist the army, continued if the war has been more difficult to clean up the words, so the sum of activities will be stepped up.
During this time, messenger between the two sides continued, the Qing court sent back to the embassy watermelon, vegetables, rice, flour and so on. During this period, night attack launched by the voice of the horn, in fact, only a meaningless sound of gunfire suddenly rang, and then stop, get up known as No. l r after 1 month, Qing troops resumed shelling of the symbolic, the rumbling guns has given the embassy staff to fear, but the shells are mostly in the air roaring past. until August 11, Boxer Rebellion began approaching, Beijing, Manchus before re-launching of the embassy attack was fierce, but the retaliatory attack lasted only three days to declare the fall of Beijing. at 16:00 on August 14, the way the British Indian Army by the Xizhimen into the inner city, being siege cheers of people into the legation.
Ironically, those who originally thought that coalition forces or simply to have been dead. shaved all the new Congress, though dressed in civilian clothes, but all neat; ladies wore elegant summer, wearing a hat, the name of umbrellas. coalition, someone jokingly said, we are not accidentally into a banquet hall? sub-field of that strange, for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900. Protocol means the China's war of aggression against the powers responsible party. Therefore, that the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the powers can not be justified not only in legal, in fact not valid. to foreign powers, they think that their military operations intended to save the minister, and in China foreigners, not with a war between the Qing court. as they call themselves, the military action is to help the Qing court .